The fundamentals Evolution of the social - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss aboutThe fundamentals Evolution of the social. Answer: Ethics is a field that deals with moral principles and philosophy. It helps in recommending and defending the concepts of wrong or right behaviour (Peters, 2015). Ethical theories can be used for understanding whether an action is morally correct or incorrect. Ethical theories are classified into metaethics, applied ethics and normative ethics (Melden, 2013). Metaethics tries to get an insight into the meaning of the principles of ethics and revolves around the concept of moral judgements. Applied ethics focuses on examining controversial situations and issues such as animal rights and nuclear war. Normative ethics tries to establish moral standards for regulating right as well as wrong conduct (Dewey, 2016). This essay uses the four main ethical theories: Utilitarianism, Virtue Ethics, Deontology and Contract Theory for analysing an article based on automation. It explains the concepts of the four ethical theories and tries to find out whether automation is ethically right or wrong. About the article A researcher and neuroscientist from Russia named Alexandra Elbakyan made 48 million or more peer reviews and journal articles available over the Internet at free of cost. She was accused of providing pirated journals via a site called Sci-Hub in an illegal manner. She had refused to close the Sci-Hub despite a lawsuit from one of the biggest publishers in the world, Elsevier. A district court New York had also ordered to close the site. According to Elbakyan, paying $32 was expensive for the students for carrying out research work (MacDonald, 2018). She believed that knowledge should be accessible to everyone irrespective of their income. She even claimed that leading universities such as Cornell and Harvard were unable to afford the research papers because of high subscription rate. Elbakyan said that pirating in the film and music industry destroys its creators. The pirating in case of journal publishing is different as it helps to spread knowledge and facilitate research works. A ccording to Elbakyan, shutting down of the Sci-Hub site would demonstrate that the general public and students have no right to access information and knowledge. Utilitarian Theory The utilitarian theory falls under the category of normative ethics. Utilitarianism determines an action or policy to be ethically correct or incorrect depending on the consequences (Barrow, 2015). This theory considers an act to be morally right when it produces maximum utility for the maximum number of people. Utility is measured in terms of happiness and pleasure. Utilitarianism focuses on the principle of greatest happiness that states that an action is morally right when it maximizes the utility of the people in the world. A morally right action would always make the people happy and reduce pain or negative consequences. Utilitarianism or consequentialism focuses on the effects of an action and decides whether the action is wrong or right. This theory is based on the fact that if the good thing in the world such as happiness is increased then it will make life better (Mulgan, 2014). Positive contributions of human beings help to reduce pain of the people and make the world a bet ter place. Utilitarianism focuses on the well being of the people. This article talks about a neuroscientist named Alexandra Elbakyan who had developed a website called Sci-Hub for providing free research papers and peer reviews to the people. She had enabled the students and researchers to download journal articles of big publishers such as Springer and Elsevier over the Internet without any cost (MacDonald, 2018). The sole intention behind this pirating was to support Human Rights by allowing the people to freely access knowledge. She had taken this action as she could understand the problems faced by students and researchers who were unable to afford expensive journal articles for their research work. This act of spreading or disseminating knowledge could maximize utility among maximum people and spread happiness (Ryan, 2015). Therefore according to Utilitarianism, the action of Alexandra Elbakyan was ethically correct as it was able to maximize the utility or happiness among the people around the world by spreading free knowledge. Deontology Theory Deontology does not focus on the consequences of the action but focuses on the action itself. If an action taken is right then it is considered to be morally correct even if the consequences are negative. When an action is itself wrong then it is morally incorrect even if consequences are positive. According to this theory, an action can be morally judged based on certain rules (May, 2014). Deontology establishes a relation between morality of actions and human duties. It is considered to be obligation-based ethics (Hurley, 2013). This theory is opposed to the Utilitarianism theory where morality of actions is dependent on the consequences. For example, if someone tries to kill another person in response of self defence then the action is morally incorrect as the action of killing someone itself is a crime. In this article, we get to see that a Russian neuroscientist and researcher named Alexandra Elbakyan established a website for providing free access to journal articles for enhanc ing knowledge of the people. She did not want people to get deprived of their Human Rights to access knowledge at free of cost. She established the Sci-Hub website that downloads journals from LibGen, a pirate database or bypasses the journal paywalls by using access keys (MacDonald, 2018). Piracy is an illegal act. This act committed by Elbakyan was itself morally wrong as it did not follow rules or duties even though its consequences were good. Therefore according to the Deontology Theory, the action of Alexandra Elbakyan was ethically wrong. Virtue Theory Virtue Ethics deals with the moral character of individuals. It focuses on the virtue of individuals rather than good consequences and duties. Virtuous people have ideal or morally right character traits (Van Hooft, 2014). Virtue Theory does not guide people on how they should behave or act in several situations. There is no rule that can be followed for being morally correct. This article clearly shows that Alexandra Elbakyan had faced issues in accessing expensive journal papers so she thought to resolve this problem of others by launching a website that could provide free access to journal articles. She thought that this act would enable people to gain knowledge and carry out research work with ease. Pirating was illegal but her intentions were good. She was correct in her own terms and her motive behind this act reflected her good moral character (Shafer-Landau, 2014). Therefore according to Virtue Theory, Elbakyan has an ethical character and her action was morally correct. Contract Theory Contract Theory deals with social contracts that help in establishing moral rules of behaviour. A social contract establishes moral obligations for the people and helps in forming a society (Skyrms, 2014). The moral obligations depend on the social contract. Absence of obligations would harm the society and in order to maintain harmony in the society political communities are established. In this article, Elbakyan talks about Human Rights and says that the reason behind pirating was to disseminate knowledge. But in a society pirating is an illegal act. So according to the social contract theory, the act of providing free access to journal articles of other publishers and authors without their permission was unethical as it was against the rules, regulations and contracts of the society. This essay concludes that the act of illegally sharing millions of journal articles and scientific papers over the Internet was either ethical or unethical depending on the ethical theories. From the perspective of Utilitarianism, it can be said that this act was ethically correct as it maximized the utility and had spread happiness among maximum number of people. Deontology Theory said that this act of spreading knowledge was unethical as the action of pirating was illegal. According to Virtue Ethics, the intention of Elbakyan was good and she had a virtuous character. The Contract Theory pointed out that the act of piracy is illegal and it is against the social norms and contracts, therefore this act was unethical. References Barrow, R. (2015).Utilitarianism: A contemporary statement. Routledge. Dewey, J. (2016).Ethics. Read Books Ltd. Hurley, P. (2013). Deontology.The International Encyclopedia of Ethics. MacDonald, F. (2018).Researcher Illegally Shares Millions of Science Papers Free Online to Spread Knowledge.ScienceAlert. Retrieved 16 January 2018, from https://www.sciencealert.com/this-woman-has-illegally-uploaded-millions-of-journal-articles-in-an-attempt-to-open-up-science May, J. (2014). Moral judgment and deontology: Empirical developments.Philosophy Compass,9(11), 745-755. Melden, A. (2013).Ethical theories. Read Books Ltd. Mulgan, T. (2014).Understanding utilitarianism. Routledge. Peters, R. S. (2015).Ethics and Education (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Ryan, A. (2015). 16. Utilitarianism and Bureaucracy: The Views of JS Mill. Shafer-Landau, R. (2014). The fundamentals of ethics. Skyrms, B. (2014).Evolution of the social contract. Cambridge University Press. Van Hooft, S. (2014).Understanding virtue ethics. Routledge.

Essay Topic - An Obstacle to Write Effective Essays

Essay Topic - An Obstacle to Write Effective EssaysAn essay is very much a reflection of the mind of the writer. So, you should try to understand yourself and your writing abilities, especially in difficult essay topics. The essay topics should be the ones that will hold your interest the most. If you will not be able to make up your mind on what kind of essay you want to write, you can always get help from your college tutor or any other essay topic experts.There are many essay topics, which you can choose from. Some of them are personal essay, career theme, modern studies and others. The various essay topics are based on the requirements of the schools.If you have decided on difficult essay topics, you should spend some time to plan your topic, your skills and strengths. If you have a lot of topics to choose from, then this can be a bit difficult for you. You need to decide on which topic will suit your learning and strengths. It will be much easier if you will determine first your abilities and weaknesses, so that you can find the best essay topic suited to you.For each one of your skills, you will find a topic to write about your own interesting topic. One great tip is to choose topics which are related to your personal strengths. For example, if you are the person who loves animals, then you can write about animals. You can also make a list of your personal hobbies and interests. This will surely help you decide on the best essay topic.Your article can be in any form, be it written, photo, video, text, visual, audio, poem, or even essay. The different topics vary in topics of their own, because every individual has different skills and abilities. Some of the topics for essay topics may be:Personal essay. You can write about your life experiences. This is not a bad topic to choose if you are really interested in talking about your life experiences. Some of the writing skills that you will need include grammar, style, and word usage. If you are not sure abou t the subject of your essay, you can ask your college guidance counselor or an essay topic expert.Career Theme. Career essay topics can include topics about employers, career goals, job titles, and qualifications. If you are the person who loves to work with people, then this can be a good topic for you.

Sustainable development free essay sample

The term sustainable development (SD) was first added in The Brunt land report, in 1987, and the definition thus offered: to meet the demands of the present age in such a way as not to hinder the fulfillment of the requirements of the upcoming ages. SD of natural assets in general implies utilising of assets in such a way which could be recovered naturally and help in raising the personal needs of the population. Thus, humans and environment are the two sides of the same coin of sustainability. (Chattopadhyay and Carpenter 1991).The real challenge faced by the development by sustaining is the test of accomplishing ecological protection resource administration without trading off the objectives of development furthermore, improvement.(Bartik 2005).It is an exertion and an outline to raise poor nations of the world from social disadvantage, worldwide imbalance and waste.(Berke and Conroy 2000). We can concur that the significant issue looked by the world today as yet the obstinate issue of destitution as well as hunger. We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Accomplishing nourishment security requires more than just creating food.(Dyck 1998). General points of view of monetary advancement are being progressively observed as a superior promotion in security of food than nourishment creation alone.(Conroy 2006). As we are in the 21st century, another issue in business is being confronted i.e the development of Trans National Corporations, which controls the various asset approaches on the plan. As the Trans National Corporations can procure Foreign Direct Investment , poor nations are bringing broad administrative transitions in their financial assets and strategies to make themselves as alluring venture regions for FDI, thus disturbing their economical balance. (Krizek and Power 1996).The achievment of sustainable growth in livelihood is identified with the economy in different countries which we can say is sustained. An indebted nation, when suddenly is made to reimburse the obligations, accelerates creation of essential materials pushing the costs additionally down.(Rogers 1996). Livelihoods can be preferably economic in nature when all partners are in able shape and have appropriate access to resources. (Jepson 2007).As a result existing conditions should be adjusted and by suggesting a step in the path of power relations towards balance. To accomplish this, thusly, consideration regarding administration is necessary.(Williamson 1999).Development in economy cant be converted into monetary prosperity till dissemination of expenses and advantages of both money related and assets in monetary approaches is represented.(Milani 2000). The customary encouragement provided by the national organizations is seen to be not so sufficient for sustainable growth of nations which are developing . The trial of changing of life ways also the method of creation would require a mechanical change towards an equitable arrange.(Zeemering 2009). The essential necessity is to convert the worldwide financial framework more fair and just for developing nations in order to get to it more energetically.(Berke and Conroy 2000). It would likewise require a firm activity towards adjusting with credits with the goal that the nations in bad state may liberate from the obligation trap furthermore; take concern on economic recuperation programs.(Conroy and Beatley 2007). development in sustainablity is necessary up on the advancement of the nations under developing condition and ecological administration.(McMurtry 1999). Sustainable Development free essay sample Advancement ought to dependably be significant in nature. It is a procedure of long haul character; it doesnt stop anyplace, whenever. Managed endeavors should dependably be on to procure the products of feasible improvement. As right on time as in 1987 out of a Report entitled Our Common Future?, the Brundtland Commission characterized manageable improvement as development, which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Broad endeavors by the administrations, worldwide associations, nearby specialists, business, native gatherings and people are being made, over the globe, to operationalize the assignment of maintainable advancement. A World Summit on Sustainable Advancement was held in Johannesburg in 2002 which brought about Johannesburg Plan of Execution (JPOI) and was submitted for accomplishing universally concurred improvement objectives including United Nations Millennium Declaration, United Nations, Framework Tradition on Climate Change, Convention on Biodiversity, Convention to Combat Desertification and non-restricting focuses of the Fo restry Principles. We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Constitution of India guarantees to all the Indian natives, Justice-social, financial and Political Equality-of states and opportunity-and the Dignity of the person. The Right to Life is given in Article 21 including appropriate to clean condition, ideal to vocation, appropriate to live with respect. Also, the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) guarantee distributive equity including social and financial equity; it is an obligation upon the state to ensure whats more, enhance nature and protect the woods and untamed life. The soul of practical advancement has been verbalized in the National Ecological Policy (NEP) of 2006 which expresses that such an advancement which regards environmental requirements and the goals of social equity must be viewed as manageable improvement; generally not. Given, I. Individuals appreciate a fair personal satisfaction, ii. Individuals ought to end up fit for perceiving the limit of the biosphere and iii. That neither the yearning of a decent life nor the acknowledgment of the breaking points of the biophysical world ought to block the more prominent equity on the planet, the major goals of manageable advancement are thought about achieved.This paper is an endeavor at an investigation of practical Sustainable Development in India in different sectors, in view of the distributed sourcesAgricultureSince agriculture is the backbone of India, it is clear this part should be supported on top priority. The Indian National Agricultural Policy (NAP) notes that, the policy will seek to promote technically sound, economically viable, environmentally non-degrading, and socially acceptable use of countrys natural resources- land, water and genetic endowment to promote sustainable development of agricultureIndustryIn the Industry sector, the 1991 Industrial Policy Statement endeavored at building up policies went for the accompanying:1) Empowering entrepreneurship,2) Creating indigenous innovation3) Bringing up new innovations,4) Disassembling the licensed permit framework,5) Building up the capital market and6) Expanding competitiveness for the advantage of the basic man-all went for advancing improvement which is sustainable in nature. Investment, Trade and Technology Up gradationThe post-liberalization period cleared less demanding routes for FDI and innovation exchanges and others – all went for advancing development in the nation. Assembling exercises have been advanced through Special Economic Zones (SEZs). In the Trade Front, huge approach activities have been brought through downsizing of levy hindrances, halfway destroying of the arrangement of import and fare licenses and simplification of different makers being taken after earlier to 1991 in the Trade Sector.Infrastructure-Banking and Social InitiativesDevelopment of the power area was being advanced by arrangement activities as the Electricity Act, 2003, the National Electricity Policy 2005 and Tariff Policy 2006 – all making a helpful domain for interests in the power part in the nation; utilization of sustainable wellsprings of vitality was urged essentially adding to the development of framework in India. Added to this, the budgetary segm ent changes, started in the 1990s, tried to make a proficient, beneficial and gainful budgetary division in the nation went for general monetary strength. Additionally, the Indian capital market was opened up for Remote Institutional Financial specialists.Sustainable Development – AchievementsSocial: The Nation, right now, has been encountering the procedure of statistic progress from high fertility, high mortality to low fertility and low death rates. The normal development rate of populace declined from 2.2% to 1.9 % in the vicinity of 1994 2001. Likewise, in the vicinity of 1990 2010 the aggregate Fertility Rate has descended from 3.95 to 2.8%. It is a good thing to take note of that in the country, the life expectancy has expanded; the newborn child mortality and the under-five death rates have declined. Economic: Though the offer of horticulture in Gross Domestic Product has diminished to 14.2% in 2012-13 from 25% in 2000, all things considered, India is the second biggest maker of rice and wheat on the planet. In the mid 1990s, the tertiary area has seen fast development whose offer in Gross Domestic Product has expanded from 47% in 1990 to 56.3 % in 2012-13, where the IT and ITeS have contributed extensively by creating wage, work and development.Environment: As far as level of aggregate topographical zone, the timberland cover in India is evaluated at 21.02%. Activities through Joint Forest Management (JFM) and Green India Mission have included nearby groups in Natural Resource Management in the nation. India, surprisingly, has some real accomplishments in the zone of Clean Energy. There has additionally been an expansion in the Renewable Grid Capacity, adding up to around 11% of the aggregate Grid Installed Capacity of March, 2011.

Reinforcer Assessment for Applied Behavior Analysis

Reinforcer Assessment for Applied Behavior Analysis The foundational premise of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is that when behavior is reinforced, it is more likely to reoccur. When behavior is repeatedly reinforced, it becomes learned behavior. When we teach, we want students to learn specific behaviors. When students have problem behaviors, we need to teach alternative or replacement behavior. The replacement behavior needs to serve the same Function as the problem behavior, as the function is the way in which the behavior is reinforced for the child. In other words, if a behavior functions to provide a child attention, and the attention is reinforcing, the behavior will continue. Changeability of Reinforcement Many items can be reinforcing for a child. What is reinforcing is related to the function and the value of the function for a child. At different points certain different functions will have more importance than others to individual children: at some point, it may be attention, at another, it might be a preferred item or avoidance. For the purposes of Discrete Trials.  reinforcers that can be readily available and given and withdrawn quickly are the most effective. They may be toys, sensory items (spinning lights, musical toys, squishy toys/balls,) preferred items (dolls or Disney characters) or even escape, access to a break area. Sometimes edibles (candy or crackers) are used, but it is important that they are quickly paired with more appropriate social reinforcers. Not every item that is reinforcing for a child remains reinforcing. It may depend on the time of day, satiation, or the childs mood. Its important to have a rich menu of reinforcement that you can use with individual students when attempting to use ABA to teach or change behavior. Thats why it is important to attempt as many different kinds of reinforcers as possible, from preferred toys to sensory items. Ask About a Childs Preferences Parents and caregivers are a good place to start when exploring reinforcers. You can ask for the childs personal preferences: What does he/she enjoy doing when they can choose themselves? Does he/she have a favorite television character? Does he or she perseverate on that particular character? Parents and caregivers can give you some insight into the childs interests that will give you a sense of the kinds of preferences the child will find reinforcing. Non-Contingent Assessment The first step in assessing reinforcers is to give a child access to a number of items that The first step in assessing reinforcers is to give a child access to a number of items that young children would find appealing. Try to include items that the parent or caregiver has already indicated is a preferred item. It is called non-contingent because access to the reinforcer is not contingent on the childs behavior. To what items does the child gravitate? Note anything that the child picks up to assess again. Note any themes: is there a preference for musical toys, for specific characters? Does the child use cars or other toys appropriately? How does the child play with the toys? Does the child choose self-stimulation instead of toys? Can you engage the child in play with any of the toys? Once you have seen the child in the presence of the toys, you can list preferred items and eliminate those that they have shown little interest in. Structured Assessments Through your unstructured assessment, you have discovered which items your student gravitates to. Now, you want to find your most powerful (A ) reinforcers and which you will keep back for when the student is satiated with his or her A reinforcers. That is done by systematically laying small numbers of items (often just two) in front of the child and seeing what preferences he or she expresses. Concurrent Schedule Reinforcer Assessment: Two or more reinforcers are presented as a response to a target behavior, and the preference is noted. The reinforcers are switched out, to compare later with other reinforcers. Multiple Schedule Reinforcer Schedule: A reinforcer is used in contingent setting (such as social attention for appropriate play) and later in a non-contingent setting (without a requirement of appropriate play.) If the appropriate play increases despite the fact the child is getting non-contingent attention later in the day, it is assumed that the reinforcer is effective for increasing play. Progressive Ratio Schedule Reinforcer Assessment: A reinforcer is checked to see if it continues to increase response when response demand is increased. So, if a reinforcer stops eliciting the response you want when you expect more responses, it is not as powerful a reinforcer as you thought. If it does . . . stick with it. Reinforcement Suggestions Edibles: Edibles are never the first choice of an ABA practitioner since you want to move into secondary reinforcers as quickly as possible. Still, for children with severe disabilities, especially older children with poor functional and social skills, edibles may be the way to engage them and begin building behavioral momentum. Some suggestions: CrackersPieces of fruitSmall individual candies, like Skittles or M and Ms.Preferred foods. Some children with autism love dill pickles. Sensory Items: Children with autism spectrum disorders often have issues with sensory integration, and crave sensory input. Items which provide that input, like spinning lights or musical toys, can be powerful reinforcers for young children with disabilities. Some reinforcers are: Spinning lights or vibrating pens. These kinds of sensory items can be found in catalogs for special educators. If you dont have access to the catalogs, your occupational therapist may actually have some of these items.Gross motor activities, like bouncing on a pilates ball, or a ceiling hung swing.Tickles or direct sensory input. This is most appropriate for very young children, but it may also help pair reinforcement with the therapist/teacher. Preferred Items and Toys Many children with disabilities love television and often perseverate on favorite television characters, like Mickey Mouse or Dora the Explorer. Combining these strong preferences with toys may make some items powerful reinforcers. Some ideas: Sound books with favorite characters. I have found these to be good reinforcers for young children.Jointed action figuresCars, trucks, and track.Thomas the Tank Engine trains.Small animal figures.Blocks. Ongoing Assessment Childrens interests change. So may the items or activities that they find reinforcing. At the same time, a practitioner should be moving to spread out reinforcement and pair primary reinforcers with secondary reinforcers, like social interaction and praise. As children succeed in gaining new skills through ABA, they will move away from the short and frequent bursts of instruction that is discrete trial teaching toward more traditional and naturalistic methods of instruction. Some may even begin to reinforce themselves, by internalizing the values of competence and mastery.

New Technology High Schools Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

New Technology High Schools - Research Paper Example New Tech High Schools provide the students new techniques to acquire education and collaborate with their peers. The inventive form of education proves to be more effective than the conventional methods of teaching. It is due to this reason that the respective concept is gaining fame. Different advantageous aspects of New Tech High Schools shall be discussed in the paper, along with few responses to the negative perception of this concept. 2. New Tech High Schools The 21st century differs from the previous era with respect to the exposure to different technological inventions and facilities of life. The modern youth is more engrossed with technological equipments than the older people in the society. This early exposure has improved their mental capabilities and has induced a greater sense of logical thinking in them. Pearlman stated that despite of their logical and advanced mental capabilities, they seem disinterested in their academic processes of learning. The conventional modes of learning are not effective enough to cater to the demands of the 21st century and the modern youth. It is due to these issues that new modes of teaching and acquiring education have been devised- New Tech High Schools. These learning processes can be termed as an amalgamation of technology and required skills to meet the challenges of the 21st century colleges and workplaces. The concept initiated in 1996 in California; it was introduced due to the frustration of students, business leaders and parents for wanting a better educational standard. The concept has witnessed nothing but success since then. Much development has been witnessed in the state of Indiana; CELL introduced the innovative concept in Indiana and three schools successfully opened in 2007. The learning processes and programs of New Tech High Schools impressed the members of the Indiana society to such a great extent that they embraced the change with open arms. Indiana has become a national leader in the implement ation of New Tech High Schools in different states of US. According to Pearlman; in the early years of the materialization of the idea, few learning outcomes were identified as the main aims of the concept; content standards, collaboration between the students, logical thinking, oral and written communication skills, preparation for college education and professional life, awareness of ethics and social responsibilities and technological awareness. 2.1 Collaborative Learning Processes New Tech High Schools offer collaborative learning and team work that empowers the students to choose their own direction to acquire education. Center of Excellence in Leadership of Learning explained that the layout of a New Tech High School does not resemble the layout of a traditional school, since there are no desks or chairs placed in lines. On the contrary, students work on their computers and learn in a collaborative manner about a diverse range of topics. Large open spaces provide students the opportunity to work together as a team and coordinate their tasks. Collaborative learning provides the students opportunities to learn skills to survive

Letter to the grand duchess christina by galileo Essay

Letter to the grand duchess christina by galileo - Essay Example In explaining the concept of ‘two truths’, Galileo holds to the view that both the scriptures and science are true and the two truths do not contradict one another. Galileo supported his concept of two truths by giving examples that explaining how both science and scriptures reveal the truths about the universe and the nature of God. How Galileo supported his concept of the ‘two truths’ In order to support his statement that the scriptures and science are true and they do not contradict one another, Galileo states that the two truths proceed from the divine word. However, he makes it clear that discussions of physical problems has to start from necessary demonstration and sense experiences and not from scriptural experiences. in regard to science verses th scriptures, Galileo states that we should not believe anything any howly least we hold some prejudice against something that is later to be proofed not to be contrary to the scriptures. Galileo explains th at God is revealed first through nature and then again by doctrine. The revelation by nature comes through his works and revelation by doctrine comes through his revealed word (Drake 182).The scriptures explain that God is the creator of all. He made the heaven, the universe, earth and all in it. Galileo’s agreement with this is seen where he complains of having been accused as by other philosophers as if he has placed things in the sky to overturn sciences and upset nature. In essence, he meant that scientific discoveries are in no way a contradiction of the scriptural revelation of God as the creator but a proof of it. It helps to bring out the things he has created. Through the scriptures, we get to learn that God created man and this automatically qualifies human intellect, senses and reason as things given by God. The same God who granted the senses and reasons cannot deny the people the entrusted the intellect, senses and reasons not to use them. Galileo also argues tha t he does not believe the same God who gave us intellect, reason and senses has intended to forego their use and decided to give human beings knowledge through another means yet it is knowledge that they could have obtained through the use of the reason, senses and intellect (Drake 183). At the same time, God has revealed about the universe and nature through the scriptures. For example, he mentions oceans, clouds, deserts, animals, heavenly bodies like sun, moon and stars among others. It also reveals the functions or functioning of some for example the sun giving light. However, these revelations and explanation are not in totality. For example they do not explain how the heavenly bodies are positioned and move about relative to one another. This means there was a chance for men to use the reasons and senses entrusted to them to discover the details of these creations and therefore discoveries are never a contradiction of the scriptures. As seen above, science helps to explain to those who believe in the scriptures some of the truths that the scriptures does not bring out plainly. As Galileo reveals, some of these questions are those asked by believers of the scriptures for example the motion of heaven. One question that emerges from the brethren is, if heaven is fixed, then how do stars that are fixed to it move from east to west? (Taylor 93). It is obvious they mean how the stars move round the earth because the scriptures reveal that heaven is where God dwells and it is a spiritual place. This means that it is not visible with the mortal eyes and

How Does Steinbeck Present Disadvantaged Characters to Us Essay Example for Free

How Does Steinbeck Present Disadvantaged Characters to Us Essay Steinbeck presents disadvantaged characters to us using a number of techniques. The author does this to encourage us to sympathise and begin to understand the characters, in order to show the problems with prejudice and the various types of it which were endemic in American society in this time. Lennie is firstly presented to us through the author’s use of animal imagery in the description, and the readers first impression of Lennie is how animal like he is when phrases like ‘snorting†¦like a horse’ are used. The author does this to show that Lennie is gentle, like an animal and can be tamed like domestic animals are. It also shows Lennie will only attack on instinct and become violent when he feels threatened or under attack. This is shown when he says ‘I didn’t want no trouble’ showing that he didn’t mean to do any harm and just doesn’t realise his own strength. The author also presents Lennie in this way because animals are innocent and do not have the capacity to act morally or know good from bad. This shows Lennie’s behaviour, when he acts violently, is a result of society as society taunts him until he behaves in this way. Lennie is also presented to the readers as a vulnerable character, through the author’s description of Lennie’s actions, especially after his attack from Curley when he ‘bleated with terror’ and ‘crouched cowering’. This action emphasises his dependence on George as he couldn’t defend himself without George telling him to. His dependence on George is also made totally clear when he says ‘me an’ him goes ever’ place together’ When Lennie panics he starts to loose control and the author presents this to the readers through the structure of the text and Lennie’s dialogue. Lennie’s sentences become short and staccato like when he says phrases such as ‘please don’t’ and ‘now don’t you do that’ showing his evident panic. The readers can also tell that Lennie looses control because the author uses language such as ‘(lennie’s) face was contorted’. The author does this to show Lennie doesn’t mean to kill or hurt and does it out of panic and instinct. This is shown by Lennie himself when he says ‘I done a real bad thing†¦ George’ll be mad’ which shows Lennie realises he can’t control himself and that he has no moral judgement. It also shows Lennie thinks things are ‘good’ or ‘bad’ to him depending on what George will think of him. The author presents Lennie to us, as a disadvantaged character, in the way he has a child’s mind in a mans body. This not only enables us to see the way in which society treats people such as Lennie but it gives us an insight into the feelings of black people as lennie, being socially unaware and childlike, does not realise the social boundries of white people and goes to talk to crooks.